Coal is expected to provide at least half of electricity in the US over the next 15 years, despite coal’s association with pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. And the US Energy Information Agency projections forecast an additional 87 gigawatts of new coal-fueled generation will be constructed by 2025. To meet this demand, the US government’s Clean Coal Power Initiative is providing government co-financing for new coal technologies that can help utilities cut sulfur, nitrogen and mercury pollutants from power plants.
Some early clean coal projects are demonstrating technologies to reduce greenhouse emissions by boosting the efficiency by which coal plants convert coal to electricity or other energy forms. Coal gasification electric power plants are now operating commercially in the United States and in other nations, and many experts predict that coal gasification will be at the heart of future generations of clean coal technology plants.
Among the opportunities that are emerging from "clean coal" research, development and commercialization, in August 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) announced that it will invest a total of US$27.6 million in 19 projects to evaluate the potential risks of storing carbon dioxide (CO2) in geologic formations.
This report includes advanced coal cleaning, combustion, gas separation, and the CO2 capture & sequestration technologies, markets and forecasts. It also presents the latest trends and prospects for the industry. The report contents include:
| |
Executive Summary |
| |
|
| 1 |
Introduction: Clean Coal Technologies and Equipment
|
| |
|
| 2 |
US National Clean Coal Policy Considerations |
| 2.1 |
The 1986-93 Clean Coal Technology Program |
| 2.2 |
Current Clean Coal Policy |
| 2.2.1 |
Cooperative Clean Coal Programs Funded by US Government |
| 2.2.2 |
Clean Coal Power Initiative |
| 2.2.3 |
Power Plant Improvement Initiative |
| 2.2.4 |
Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program |
| 2.2.5 |
Clean Coal Technology Roadmap |
| 2.2.6 |
FutureGen Program |
| 2.3 |
Policy Under Obama Administration |
| 2.3.1 |
Innovations for Existing Power Plants |
| 2.3.2 |
Reducing Mercury Emission of the Existing Fleet |
| 2.3.3 |
Gasification Technology R&D |
| 2.3.4 |
Environmental Benefits |
| 2.3.5 |
Efficiency Benefits |
| 2.3.6 |
Advanced Research Program |
| 2.3.7 |
Biomimetics |
| 2.3.8 |
Coal Utilization Science (CUS) |
| 2.3.9 |
Computational Energy Science (CES) |
| 2.3.10 |
High Performance Materials |
| 2.3.11 |
University Research (UCR & HBCU-OMI) |
| 2.3.12 |
New Projects |
| |
|
| 3 |
U.S. Coal Production and Consumption Including New Coal-Fired Power Plants and Market Outlook |
| 3.1 |
Coal Production and Consumption Through 2010 |
| 3.2 |
US Coal Production Outlook Through 2030 |
| 3.2.1 |
Outlook: Total Coal Production Increases at a Slower Rate than in the Past |
| 3.2.2 |
Long-Term Production Outlook Varies Considerably Across Cases |
| 3.2.3 |
Coal-Fired Electricity Consumption |
| 3.2.3.1 |
Coal-Fired Power Plants Provide Largest Share of Electricity Supply |
| 3.2.3.2 |
Most New Capacity Uses Natural Gas as Fewer Coal-Fired Plants Are Added |
| 3.2.3.3 |
Least Expensive Technology Options Are Likely Choices for New Capacity |
| 3.3 |
US Coal Price Trends |
| 3.4 |
New Coal-Fired Power Plant Capacity Trends |
| 3.5 |
New Technologies Driving New Power Plant Construction |
| 3.6 |
Market Outlook for Clean Coal Projects Through 2015 |
| 3.6.1 |
Market Forecast for Clean Coal Technologies |
| 3.6.2 |
Technologies and Applications |
| 3.6.3 |
Market Outlook for Clean Coal Technology |
| 3.6.4 |
Outlook for Clean Coal R&D Investment Through 2015 |
| 3.6.5 |
R&D Expenditures for Clean Coal Technology |
| 3.6.6 |
Clean Coal R&D Spending by Technology |
| |
|
| 4 |
Clean Coal Technology: Now and Tomorrow |
| 4.1 |
Pre-Combustion Technology |
| 4.1.1 |
Coal Cleaning |
| 4.1.2 |
Coal Upgrading Technologies |
| 4.1.3 |
Coal Treatment Technologies |
| 4.1.4 |
Benefits of Using Pre-combustion Technologies |
| 4.2 |
Primary Coal Cleaning Technologies |
| 4.2.1 |
Wet Cleaning |
| 4.2.1.1 |
Fine Coal Flotation |
| 4.2.1.2 |
Reverse Flotation |
| 4.2.1.3 |
Ken-Float Column |
| 4.2.1.4 |
Microbubble Column Flotation |
| 4.2.1.5 |
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone |
| 4.2.1.6 |
Dry Cleaning |
| 4.2.1.7 |
Electrostatic Separation |
| 4.2.1.8 |
Rare Earth Magnetic Separators (REMS) |
| 4.2.1.9 |
Pneumatic Accelerator |
| 4.2.1.10 |
High Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS) |
| 4.2.1.11 |
TriboElectroStatic Separation (TESS) Process |
| 4.2.1.12 |
Chemical or Microbial Cleaning |
| 4.2.1.13 |
Oxidative Desulfurization Process |
| 4.2.1.14 |
Mercury Catalytic Oxidation |
| 4.2.1.15 |
Coal Cleaning by Leaching Reaction |
| 4.2.1.16 |
Microwave Desulfurization |
| 4.2.1.17 |
Chlorinalysis |
| 4.2.1.18 |
Microbial Coal Cleaning |
| 4.3 |
Emerging Coal Cleaning Technologies |
| 4.3.1 |
Hyper Coal |
| 4.3.2 |
Low Quality Coal Reforming Technology |
| 4.3.2.1 |
Binderless Coal Briquetting (BCB) Process |
| 4.3.2.2 |
Upgraded Brown Coal (UBC) Process |
| 4.3.2.3 |
“Coal 2.0” |
| 4.3.2.4 |
Lignite Fuel Enhancement System (LFES) |
| 4.3.2.5 |
K-Fuel |
| 4.3.2.6 |
SynCoal Advanced Coal Conversion Process (ACCP) |
| 4.3.2.7 |
Nu-Fuel |
| 4.3.2.8 |
Reductive Thermal Process (RTP) |
| 4.3.2.9 |
White Coal Technology |
| 4.4 |
Activities of Key Players |
| |
Common Research Items:
-Maker
-Location
-Application & Technology
-Activity
|
| 4.4.1 |
CoalTek |
| 4.4.2 |
Confluence Coal Combustion |
| 4.4.3 |
Cowboy Coal / FMI NewCoal Inc. |
| 4.4.4 |
Evergreen Energy Inc. |
| 4.4.5 |
Great River Energy |
| 4.4.6 |
Headwaters Inc. / Covol Engineered Fuels |
| 4.4.7 |
MicroCoal Inc. |
| 4.4.8 |
Syncoal Partners Inc. |
| 4.4.9 |
Vertus Technologies |
| 4.4.10 |
White Energy |
| |
|
| 5 |
Advanced Combustion and Carbon Sequestration Technology |
| 5.1 |
Integrated Coal Syngas Compression Power Generation Technology (IGCC) |
| 5.2 |
Coal Gasification |
| 5.2.1 |
Entrained Flow Gasifier |
| 5.2.2 |
Fixed Bed Gasifier |
| 5.2.3 |
Fluidized Bed Gasifier |
| 5.2.4 |
Multi-Purpose Coal Gas Manufacturing Technology
(EAGLE: coal Energy Application for Gas, Liquid and Electricity / EAGLE Pilot Plant System) |
| 5.2.5 |
Next Generation High Efficiency Coal Syngas Compression Power Generation
(A- IGCC, A-IGFC) |
| 5.2.6 |
HyPr−RING Process Technology
(Hydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification Process) |
| 5.2.7 |
Coal Syngas Co-Production Technology |
| 5.2.8 |
Dimethyl Ether Manufacturing Technology (DME) |
| 5.2.9 |
Next Generation Coke Manufacturing Process (SCOPE 21) |
| 5.3 |
Underground Coal Gasification Technology (UCG) |
| 5.4 |
Coal-to-Liquid Technology |
| 5.4.1 |
Activities of Key Companies in Coal-to-Liquid Technology
(Company, Location, Activity)
|
| 5.5 |
Advanced Coal Gasification Technologies |
| 5.5.1 |
Bluegas (Hydromethanation) |
| 5.5.2 |
HydroMax (Molten Bath Technology) |
| 5.5.3 |
Calderon Process |
| 5.5.4 |
Wiley Process |
| 5.5.5 |
Ze-gen Process |
| 5.5.6 |
High Temperature Hydrogasification Process (HTHG) |
| 5.6 |
Global Environment Protection Technology |
| 5.6.1 |
Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC) |
| 5.6.2 |
Oxy-combustion Capture |
| 5.7 |
Pre-combustion Carbon Capture |
| 5.8 |
Post-combustion Capture (PCC) Technology |
| 5.8.1 |
Current Status of PCC Technology |
| 5.8.2 |
Activities of Other Amine Technologies
(Company, Location,Technology)
|
| 5.8.3 |
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane (ECBN) |
| 5.9 |
CO2 Underground Storage Technology (Geologic Carbon Sequestration, GCS) |
| 5.10 |
Underground Storage Technologies |
| 5.10.1 |
CO2 Storage in Oil and Gas Reservoirs |
| 5.10.2 |
CO2 Storage in Unmineable Coal Seams |
| 5.10.3 |
CO2 Storage in Saline Formations |
| 5.10.4 |
GEO-SEQ Project |
| 5.10.5 |
Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Program |
| 5.10.6 |
Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification |
| |
|
| 6 |
Advanced Boiler and Gas Separation Technology |
| 6.1 |
Advanced Pulverized Coal (PC) Boiler Technology |
| 6.1.1 |
Ultra-Super Critical Combustion Technology |
| 6.1.2 |
Ultra-Supercritical PC Boiler Technology (USC) |
| 6.1.3 |
Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Compression Boiler Technology (A-USC) |
| 6.2 |
Ultra-Supercritical Circulating Fluid Bed Boiler (USC CFB) |
| 6.2.1 |
Flexi-BurnTM CFB Boiler |
| 6.3 |
Fluidized-bed Combustion |
| 6.4 |
Gas Separation Technology |
| 6.5 |
Membranes and Related Post-Combustion Technology |
| 6.5.1 |
Absorption Technology |
| 6.5.1.1 |
Amines |
| 6.5.1.2 |
Ammonia |
| 6.6 |
Adsorption Technology |
| 6.6.1 |
Physical Sorbents |
| 6.6.2 |
Chemical Sorbents |
| 6.7 |
Membrane-based Separation Technology |
| 6.7.1 |
Membrane Absorption |
| 6.7.2 |
Biomimetic Technology |
| 6.8 |
Next-Generation Membrane R&D |
| 6.8.1 |
Metal-Organic Frameworks |
| 6.8.2 |
Functionalized Fibrous Matrices |
| 6.8.3 |
Poly (Ionic Liquids) |
| 6.8.4 |
Liquid Crystals |
| 6.8.5 |
Ionic Liquids |
| |
|
| 7 |
Clean Coal Corporate Profiles and Activity |
| 7.1 |
Company |
| |
Common Research Items:
-Location/Contact
-URL
-Year Established
-Public or Private
-Revenue
-Number of Employees
-Business Line
-Clean Coal Application
-Focus on Clean Coal Technology
-R&D Activity
-Strategic Partners
|
| 7.1.1 |
Clean Coal Technologies, Inc. |
| 7.1.2 |
Clean Energy Systems Inc. (CES) |
| 7.1.3 |
DKRW Advanced Fuels |
| 7.1.4 |
Evergreen Energy |
| 7.1.5 |
Babcock Power/ ThermoEnergy |
| 7.1.6 |
American Electric Power |
| 7.1.7 |
Fuel-Tech |
| 7.1.8 |
Full Circle Energy |
| 7.1.9 |
GreatPoint Energy |
| 7.1.10 |
GTA Energy |
| 7.1.11 |
Headwaters |
| 7.1.12 |
InterAmericas |
| 7.1.13 |
Laurus Energy/Ergo-Exergy Technologies |
| 7.1.14 |
Luca Technologies |
| 7.1.15 |
Luminant/ Energy Future Holdings (formerly TXU) |
| 7.1.16 |
Mirant |
| 7.1.17 |
Natural Resource Partners |
| 7.1.18 |
FutureGen |
| 7.1.19 |
Taggart Global |
| 7.1.20 |
NeuCo |
| 7.1.21 |
NRG Energy |
| 7.1.22 |
Nuclear Solutions/Fuel Frontiers |
| 7.1.23 |
Physical Sciences, Inc. |
| 7.1.24 |
Reading Anthracite Company |
| 7.1.25 |
Rentech, Inc. |
| 7.1.26 |
Sasol |
| 7.1.27 |
Silverado Gold Mines, LTD/ Silverado Green Fuel |
| 7.1.28 |
Syntroleum Corporation |
| 7.1.29 |
Tenaska Energy |
| 7.1.30 |
Hydrocoal |
| 7.1.31 |
CoalTec Energy |
| 7.2 |
Universities and Research Institutions |
| 7.2.1 |
Carnegie Mellon |
| 7.2.2 |
Georgia Tech |
| 7.2.3 |
GTI |
| 7.2.4 |
Idaho National Energy and Engineering Laboratory |
| 7.2.5 |
Johns Hopkins University |
| 7.2.6 |
Los Alamos National Laboratory |
| 7.2.7 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ MIT Energy Initiative |
| 7.2.8 |
MIT Reacting Gas Dynamics Laboratory |
| 7.2.9 |
MIT Carbon Management |
| 7.2.10 |
MIT CO2 Sequestration Project |
| 7.2.11 |
Ohio State University |
| 7.2.12 |
Ohio University Coal Research Center |
| 7.2.13 |
Purdue University |
| 7.2.14 |
Research Triangle Institute |
| 7.2.15 |
Southern Illinois State University |
| 7.2.16 |
Tennessee Technological Institute |
| 7.2.17 |
Texas A&M |
| 7.2.18 |
University of Alabama |
| 7.2.19 |
University of Cincinnati (first application project) |
| 7.2.20 |
University of Cincinnati (second application project) |
| 7.2.21 |
University of Kansas |
| 7.2.22 |
University of Kentucky(first application project) |
| 7.2.23 |
University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) |
| 7.2.24 |
University of Kentucky (second application project) |
| 7.2.25 |
University of Mississippi |
| 7.2.26 |
University of North Dakota (first application project) |
| 7.2.27 |
University of North Dakota (second application project) |
| 7.2.28 |
University of North Dakota (third application project) |
| 7.2.29 |
University of Texas |
| 7.2.30 |
University of Utah |
| 7.2.31 |
University of Washington |
| 7.2.32 |
University of Wyoming |
| 7.2.33 |
Virginia Polytechnic Institute |
| 7.2.34 |
Washington University (first application project) |
| 7.2.35 |
Washington University (second application project) |
| |
|
| 8 |
US Clean Coal R&D Projects |
| |
Common Research Items:
-Company
-Location
-Research Sponsor or Partner
-Application
-Technology
-Description
-Investment (millions)
-Research start date
-Commercialization forecast
|
| |
|
| 9 |
Outlook for Clean Coal Production and New Generation Equipment |
| 9.1 |
Comparative Economic Analysis of Advanced Combustion Power Plants |
| 9.2 |
Cost of Geological (underground) Carbon Storage |
| 9.3 |
World Syngas Capacity Growth |
| 9.4 |
Membrane Technology |
| 9.4.1 |
Market Forecast for Membrane Technology, 2005-2020 |
| 9.4.2 |
Key Players’ Activity |
| 9.4.2.1 |
Air Products & Chemicals Inc. |
| 9.4.2.2 |
Membrane Technology & Research Inc. |
| 9.4.2.3 |
Innovative Membrane Systems (Subsidiary of Praxair Inc.) |
| 9.4.2.4 |
NeoMecs Inc. |
| 9.4.2.5 |
OUP LLC |
| 9.4.2.6 |
Air Liquide |
| 9.4.2.7 |
Eltron Research and Development |
| 9.4.2.8 |
Carbozyme Inc. |
| 9.4.2.9 |
Research Triangle Institute (RTI) |
| 9.5 |
Advanced Boiler Technology |
| 9.5.1 |
Market Outlook for Advanced Boiler Technologies, 2009- 2015 |
| 9.5.2 |
Key Players’ Activity: Boilers (including oxy-combustion) |
| 9.5.2.1 |
AE&E / von Roll Inova |
| 9.5.2.2 |
Alstom |
| 9.5.2.3 |
Babcock & Wilcox |
| 9.5.2.4 |
Doosan Heavy Industries |
| 9.5.2.5 |
EPI (Energy Products of Idaho) |
| 9.5.2.6 |
Foster Wheeler |
| 9.5.2.7 |
Metso Power USA |
| |
|
| 10 |
Venture Capital Investment in Clean Coal Technology |
| Table 3-1: |
U.S. Coal Supply and Consumption for Electric Power, 2003 – 2010 |
| Table 3-2: |
Total US Coal Supply and Consumption, 2006-2030 |
| Table 3-3: |
Projected US Coal Production Through 2030 (in quadrillion Btu) in Three Key Scenarios
|
| Table 3-4: |
Total Electricity Generation by Source in Three Scenarios Through 2030
|
| Table 3-5: |
US Electricity Generation Capacity Additions by Fuel Type, 2008-2030 |
| Table 3-6: |
US Coal Prices, 2004-2008 |
| Table 3-7: |
Current Coal-Fired Capacity Projects, 2007 and 2009 |
| Table 3-8: |
Coal-Fired Capacity Additions, 2010-2018 |
| Table 3-9: |
Proposed Technologies for New Coal-Fired Plants |
| Table 3-10: |
US New Coal Plant Market Outlook |
| Table 3-11: |
Total Market Forecast Through 2020 |
| Table 3-12: |
Market Outlook for Clean Coal Technology by Technology, 2007-2020 |
| Table 3-13: |
Market Outlook for Clean Coal Technology by Application, 2007-2020 |
| Table 3-14: |
US DoE R&D Budget for Clean Coal Technologies, 2009-2010 |
| Table 3-15: |
Total Clean Coal-related R&D Forecast Through 2015 |
| Table 3-16: |
Total Clean Coal-related R&D Forecast Through 2015 by Technology |
| Table 3-17: |
Total Clean Coal-related R&D Forecast Through 2015 by Application |
| Table 5-1: |
US IGCC Projects Permitted
(Plant, Location, Net Power, Primary Fuel, Permit Status, Construction Status)
|
| Table 5-2: |
Key IGCC Technology Owners
Common Research Items:
-Location
-Process
-Technology Package
GE Energy
ConocoPhillips
Shell
Siemens
KBR
|
| Table 5-3: |
World Gasification-based Power Generating Capacity |
| Table 5-4: |
Comparison Between Existing IGCC and A-IGCF |
| Table 5-5: |
Advantages of Advanced Coal Gasification Technologies |
| Table 5-6: |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oxy-fuel Combustion |
| Table 5-7: |
Commercial Coal-based CCS Electric Power Plants in the US |
| Table 6-1: |
US Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers for Power Generation |
| Table 6-2: |
Post-combustion Capture R&DPpathways |
| Table 6-3: |
Carbon Capture Projects Funded by DoE/NETL |
| Table 9-1: |
Current and Projected Costs and Efficiencies of Technologies |
| Table 9-2: |
Costs of CO2 Abatement |
| Table 9-3: |
Estimated costs of CO2 Capture, Transport and UCG Storage, 2007 and 2020 |
| Table 9-4: |
World Syngas Capacity Growth, 2000-2015 (in MW thermal equivalent) |
| Table 9-5: |
Market Forecast for Membrane Technologies Applicable to Clean Coal, 2005-2020 |
| Table 9-6: |
Commercial Market Forecast for Advanced Boiler Technologies, 200-2015 |
| Table 10-1: |
Venture Capital investment in clean coal, 2006-2009
(Company, Venture Investor, Round, Amount)
|
